The tactics employed by carders are ever-evolving, as they constantly seek new methods to evade detection and maximize their gains. They may utilize sophisticated hacking techniques, create intricate networks of fraudulent websites, or employ social engineering tactics to trick unsuspecting victims into revealing sensitive information. The underground nature of carding forums provides a breeding ground for these activities, where carders can exchange information, tools, and techniques to enhance their criminal operations.

By understanding their inner workings and staying one step ahead in the ongoing battle against cybercrime, we can strive to create a safer digital landscape for all. Another alternative worth considering is seeking financial assistance through government programs or non-profit organizations. Many countries offer support systems for individuals facing financial difficulties, ranging from unemployment benefits to grants for small businesses. By tapping into these resources, individuals can access the help they need without resorting to illegal activities. It is important to research and utilize these options to avoid falling into the trap of credit muling.

In the constant battle between carders and law enforcement, the key to success lies in a multi-faceted approach. Collaboration between law enforcement agencies, both domestically and internationally, is crucial to effectively combat carding activities that transcend borders. Additionally, the development and implementation of advanced technologies, such as machine learning algorithms and data analytics, can assist in identifying patterns and detecting potential carding operations. Public awareness and education about the risks of carding can also play a significant role in reducing the prevalence of this criminal activity.

Behind the seemingly impenetrable veil of the dark web lies a clandestine world, where cybercriminals convene to trade stolen credit card information, exchange hacking techniques, and engage in illicit activities. Carding forums, as they are commonly known, are the virtual meeting places that facilitate these nefarious transactions. Understanding the inner workings and structure of these forums is crucial in comprehending the depth of this underground economy.

Carding forums, in particular, are known for being focused on trading financial information. However, little evidence exists about the sellers that are present on carding forums, the precise types carding forums of products they advertise, and the prices buyers pay. Existing literature mainly focuses on the organisation and structure of the forums. Furthermore, studies on carding forums are usually based on literature review, expert interviews, or data from forums that have already been shut down. This paper provides first-of-its-kind empirical evidence on active forums where stolen financial data is traded. We monitored 5 out of 25 discovered forums, collected posts from the forums over a three-month period, and analysed them quantitatively and qualitatively.