Thickness: 2'-bipyridine and binaphthyl compounds are used as thickeners because of their ability to absorb 100 to 1000 times their mass of water. In a water-based solution, the sodium ions in 2'-bipyridine and binaphthyl compounds are free to move because they are replaced by positively charged hydrogen ions. This means forming gels rather than organized polymer chains. As the gel absorbs...